Federal criminal charges represent the most serious level of criminal prosecution in the United States, involving allegations that violate federal law and are prosecuted by the U.S. Attorney's Office. These cases are investigated by federal agencies such as the FBI, DEA, ATF, and IRS, which have vast resources and sophisticated investigative techniques at their disposal. Federal prosecutors are among the most experienced and well-funded in the country, making experienced federal defense representation essential.

The federal criminal justice system operates under different rules and procedures than state courts. Federal sentencing guidelines, while no longer mandatory, continue to heavily influence sentences imposed by federal judges. These guidelines often result in longer sentences than comparable state charges, and federal defendants serve approximately 85% of their sentence with limited opportunities for early release. Understanding these unique aspects of federal practice is crucial to providing effective representation.

Federal investigations are typically lengthy and thorough, often lasting months or years before charges are filed. During this time, federal agents may conduct surveillance, execute search warrants, interview witnesses, and gather financial records. Many federal defendants first become aware of the investigation when agents execute a search warrant at their home or business, or when they receive a target letter from the U.S. Attorney's Office.

The scope of federal jurisdiction is broad, covering crimes that cross state lines, involve federal agencies or employees, occur on federal property, or affect interstate commerce. This can include seemingly local crimes that have federal implications, such as drug trafficking, fraud schemes that use the mail or internet, or weapons violations. Additionally, federal prosecutors can choose to prosecute cases that could also be handled by state authorities, often selecting cases they believe warrant the harsher penalties available in federal court.

Federal cooperation agreements and plea bargaining operate differently than in state court. Federal prosecutors often seek cooperation from defendants who have information about other criminal activity, offering substantial assistance departures in exchange for truthful testimony or other forms of cooperation. These decisions require careful consideration of the risks and benefits, as cooperation can expose defendants to retaliation and other dangers.

The consequences of federal convictions extend beyond imprisonment and fines. Federal defendants may face asset forfeiture, where the government seizes property allegedly connected to criminal activity. Professional licenses may be suspended or revoked, and immigration consequences can be severe for non-citizens. The stigma of a federal conviction can also have lasting effects on employment opportunities and personal relationships.